Stacked microelectronic devices and methods for manufacturing stacked microelectronic devices

ABSTRACT

Stacked microelectronic devices and methods of manufacturing stacked microelectronic devices are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method of manufacturing a microelectronic device includes forming a plurality of electrically isolated, multi-tiered metal spacers on a front side of a first microelectronic die, and attaching a back-side surface of a second microelectronic die to individual metal spacers. In another embodiment, the method of manufacturing the microelectronic device may further include forming top-tier spacer elements on front-side wire bonds of the first die.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/871,340 filed Oct. 12, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,093,702, which claims foreign priority benefits of Republic of Singapore Application No. 200706007-2 filed Aug. 16, 2007, now Singapore Patent No. 150395, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is related to stacked microelectronic devices and methods for manufacturing stacked microelectronic devices.

BACKGROUND

Processors, memory devices, imagers and other types of microelectronic devices are often manufactured on semiconductor workpieces or other types of workpieces. In a typical application, several individual dies (e.g., devices) are fabricated on a single workpiece using sophisticated and expensive equipment and processes. Individual dies generally include an integrated circuit and a plurality of bond pads coupled to the integrated circuit. The bond pads provide external electrical contacts on the die through which supply voltage, signals, and other electrical parameters are transmitted to and from the integrated circuit. The bond pads are usually very small, and they are arranged in an array having a fine pitch between bond pads. The dies can also be quite delicate. As a result, after fabrication, the dies are packaged to protect the dies and to connect the bond pads to another array of larger terminals that is easier to connect to a printed circuit board.

Conventional processes for packaging dies include electrically coupling the bond pads on the dies to an array of pins, ball pads, or other types of electrical terminals, and then encapsulating the dies to protect them from environmental factors (e.g., moisture, particulates, static electricity, and physical impact). In one application, the bond pads are electrically connected to contacts on an interposer substrate that has an array of ball pads. For example, FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a conventional packaged microelectronic device 6, including a microelectronic die 10, an interposer substrate 60 attached to the die 10, a plurality of wire bonds 90 electrically coupling the die 10 to the interposer substrate 60, and a casing 70 protecting the die 10 from environmental factors.

FIG. 1B schematically illustrates another conventional packaged microelectronic device 6 a having two stacked microelectronic dies 10 a-b. The microelectronic device 6 a includes a substrate 60 a, a first microelectronic die 10 a attached to the substrate 60 a, a spacer 30 attached to the first die 10 a with a first adhesive 22 a, and a second microelectronic die 10 b attached to the spacer 30 with a second adhesive 22 b. The spacer 30 is a precut section of a semiconductor wafer. Other types of conventional stacked microelectronic device packages include an epoxy spacer, rather than a section of a semiconductor wafer, to space apart the first and second dies 10 a-b. The epoxy spacer is formed by dispensing a discrete volume of epoxy onto the first die 10 a and then pressing the second die 10 b downward onto the epoxy. Epoxy spacers, however, are not rigid until cured, and thus the second dies may not be uniformly spaced apart from the corresponding first dies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A schematically illustrates a conventional packaged microelectronic device in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 1B schematically illustrates another conventional packaged microelectronic device in accordance with the prior art.

FIG. 2A is an isometric view of a stacked microelectronic die assembly having two-tiered metal spacers at the corners of the dies in accordance with one embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 2A showing metal spacers positioned on spacer bond sites.

FIG. 2C is another cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 2A showing interconnects passing between the stacked dies.

FIG. 2D is another cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 2A showing electrical isolation of the metal spacers.

FIGS. 3A-C are cross-sectional views of metal spacers in accordance with several embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a microelectronic die having metal spacers placed on an interior portion of the die in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 5A is an isometric view of a stacked die assembly having stitched metal spacers in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 5A showing the stitched metal spacers passing between the stacked dies.

FIG. 5C is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 5B showing electrical isolation of the stitched metal spacers.

FIGS. 6A-F illustrate stages of a method of forming a metal spacer in accordance with several embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a microelectronic die having wire bond metal bumps and stitched metal spacers in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a packaged microelectronic device having differently sized microelectronic dies and three-tiered metal spacers in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a packaged microelectronic device having three stacked microelectronic dies and corresponding two-tiered and three-tiered metal spacers in accordance with another embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the packaged microelectronic device of FIG. 8 further including interior metal spacers.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a system in which the microelectronic devices may be incorporated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific details of several embodiments of the disclosure are described below with reference to semiconductor devices and methods for fabricating semiconductor devices. The semiconductor components are manufactured on semiconductor wafers that can include substrates on which and/or in which microelectronic devices, micromechanical devices, data storage elements, optics, read/write components, and other features are fabricated. For example, SRAM, DRAM (e.g., DDR/SDRAM), flash memory (e.g., NAND flash memory), processors, imagers, and other types of devices can be constructed on semiconductor wafers. Although many of the embodiments are described below with respect to semiconductor devices that have integrated circuits, other types of devices manufactured on other types of substrates may be within the scope of the invention. Moreover, several other embodiments of the invention can have different configurations, components, or procedures than those described in this section. A person of ordinary skill in the art, therefore, will accordingly understand that the invention may have other embodiments with additional elements, or the invention may have other embodiments without several of the features shown and described below with reference to FIGS. 2A-11.

FIG. 2A is an isometric view of one embodiment of a stacked die assembly 100 that includes a first microelectronic die 102 a having a front side (e.g., an active side) separated from a back side of a second microelectronic die 102 b by metal spacers 104. The metal spacers 104 can be multi-tiered metal spacers comprising at least two spacer elements, and in the specific embodiment shown in FIG. 2A the spacers 104 are two-tiered metal spacers with first spacer elements and second spacer elements stacked on the first spacer elements. The metal spacers 104 are located at electrically isolated spacer sites 106 adjacent to the corners of the first die 102 a. The first and second dies 102 a-b can further include bond pads 108 a and 108 b, respectively, for electrically coupling the first and second dies 102 a-b to bond pads 114 of an interposer substrate 110 (e.g., a printed circuit board). Accordingly, a plurality of first wire bonds 112 a and a plurality of second wire bonds 112 b, respectively, couple the first and second dies 102 a-b to the bond pads 114. In addition to these electrical couplings, an adhesive layer 116 physically couples the first die 102 a to the substrate 110 and a filler layer 118 adheres the second die 102 b to the first die 102 a. The filler layer 118 can also physically and electrically isolate individual first wire bonds 112 a from each other. The filler layer 118 may comprise, for example, an epoxy, epoxy acrylic, polymide, or other suitable material, and it may be used to further attach the first die 102 a to the second die 102 b.

FIGS. 2B-D are cross-sectional views of the assembly 100 shown in FIG. 2A. FIG. 2B shows the metal spacers 104 attached to both a front-side surface 120 of the first die 102 a and a back-side surface 122 of the second die 102 b. In this embodiment, the metal spacers 104 have two separate elements in a stacked, two-tiered configuration. The filler layer 118 encapsulates the metal spacers 104 and fills an interior portion 124 of the assembly 100. FIG. 2C shows partial schematic diagrams associated with the first die 102 a, the second die 102 b, and the substrate 110. The first and second dies 102 a-b, respectively, include integrated circuits (ICs) 126 a and 126 b and interconnect networks 127 a and 127 b. In general, the interconnect networks 127 a-b each include stacked layers of metal lines (e.g., copper, aluminum, titanium, cobalt, etc.) and vias (e.g., copper or tungsten) that route an IC to appropriate external bond pad connections on a die. Accordingly, the interconnect network 127 a routes the IC 126 a to the bond pads 108 a and the interconnect network 127 b routes the IC 126 b to the bond pads 108 b. The substrate 110 couples the bond pads 108 a-b through the top-side bond pads 114 to bottom-side bond pads 128. FIG. 2D shows a side view of the interconnect networks 127 a-b, and electrical couplings with the corresponding bond pads 108 a-b. FIG. 2D also shows electrical isolation of the spacer sites 106 from the interconnect network 127 a. The spacer sites 106 are electrically isolated, at least in part, by a dielectric layer 129 that surrounds and isolates the spacer sites 106 from the bond pads 108 a. The spacer sites 106 are further electrically isolated by the lack of an internal connection to the first interconnect network 127 a in the first die 102 a. The dielectric layer 129 can comprise a non-conductive oxide, such as deposited silicon dioxide, and the spacer sites 106 and bond pads 108 a-b may comprise a variety of conventional metals or metal alloys (e.g., aluminum, copper, gold, or an alloy of these materials). The spacer sites 106, for example, can be formed during fabrication of the first die 102 a concurrently with the bond pads 108 a.

Because the spacer sites 106 are metallic, a conventional wire bonding and/or soldering process may be used to attach the metal spacers 104 to the spacer sites 106 for spacing the first and second dies 102 a-b from each other. Returning again to FIG. 2A, a process for attaching the metal spacers 104 and stacking the first and second dies 102 a-b may include, for example, forming the adhesive layer 116 on the substrate 110; attaching the first die 102 a to the adhesive layer 116; forming wire bonds between the bond pads 108 a and the bond pads 114; attaching the metal spacers 104 to the spacer sites 106; depositing a filler material on the front-side surface of the first die 102 a; and attaching the second die 102 b to the metal spacers 104.

The metal spacers 104 may be formed in a variety of ways. In one embodiment, the metal spacers 104 are made from a wire bond material and formed concurrently with a wire bonding process. In this embodiment, each tier of the individual metal spacers 104 comprises a metal bump formed by a wire bonder. In another embodiment, a soldering process could be used to form a single tier of metal bumps on the spacer sites 106 and optionally on the bond pads 108 a as well. The metal bumps on the spacer sites 106 serve as a first tier of the metal spacers 104. On other hand, the metal bumps on the bond pads 108 a can be used to electrically couple a wire to the first die 102 a. The metal spacers 104 of this embodiment are completed by forming a second tier of metal bumps on top of the first tier of metal bumps. An alternative embodiment for forming the metal spacers 104 includes individually soldering or otherwise positioning preformed single- or multi-tiered metal spacers on the spacer sites 106. Also, in further embodiments, a packaged microelectronic device may be created by forming a casing over the assembly 100 to encapsulate the first and second dies 102 a-b, the wire bonds 112 a-b, and a top-side surface portion of the substrate 110. Embodiments of packaged devices are illustrated in further detail with reference to FIGS. 8-10.

The embodiment of the assembly 100 shown in FIGS. 2A-D, as well as several alternative embodiments, can mitigate or eliminate several challenges of stacking dies on each other. For example, several embodiments of the metal spacers 104 provide incompressible spacers that can be fabricated during the wire bonding process without additional equipment or processing steps. Many embodiments of the metal spacers 104 accordingly act like a silicon spacer without the cost and processing equipment needed for silicon spacers. Additionally, several embodiments of the metal spacers 104 may be placed adjacent to wire bonds or at outermost edges of a die to ensure that the first and second dies 102 a-b in the assembly 100 are substantially parallel with respect to each other. Such embodiments of the metal spacers 104 accordingly avoid misalignment errors associated with epoxy spacers.

FIGS. 3A-C are cross-sectional views showing several examples of metal spacers that can be used in the stacked die assembly 100 shown in FIGS. 2A-D, or in any of the alternative embodiments described below. FIG. 3A, for example, shows an embodiment of the metal spacer 104 having first and second spacer elements, such as spherical metal bumps 130 and 131 with respective diameters d₁ and d₂. The sum of the diameters d₁ and d₂ establish a spacing distance h₁ between the first and second dies 102 a-b. The spherical metal bumps 130 and 131 may comprise a variety of materials, such as gold, aluminum, tin, silver, lead, an alloy of these materials, or other suitable dimensionally stable materials. In one specific embodiment, the diameters d₁ and d₂ of the metal bumps can be about 10 to 75 micrometers. Thus, the spacing distance h₁ of such an embodiment can be approximately 20 to 150 micrometers. FIG. 3B shows an alternative embodiment of the metal spacer 104 comprising stacked metal bumps 130 and 131. Each of the metal bumps 130 and 131 is compressed along an axis creating respective minor diameters d₃ and d₄ that establish a spacing distance h₂ between the first and second dies 102 a-b. Such compressed, flattened, or “coined” metal bumps may provide increased stability relative to purely spherically metal bumps. However, a variety of other metal bump stack configurations may be used. For example, FIG. 3C shows an embodiment of the metal spacer 104 comprising a flattened metal bump 130 that provides a wider base on which to deposit a spherical metal bump 131.

FIG. 4 is an isometric view of an embodiment showing alternative placements of the metal spacers 104 on the first die 102 a. The second die 102 b has been removed to show a tripod arrangement of the metal spacers 104 on an interior surface portion of the first die 102 a. The arrangement of metal spacers 104 shown in FIG. 4 may allow more room for additional bond pads 136 at edges of the die 102 a, and the tripod arrangement uses only three metal spacers for supporting and spacing an attached die. Other arrangements of metal spacers are also possible; alternative arrangements could include using more than three metal spacers 104 or placing metal spacers on both the interior surface and the edge surface portions of the die 102 a.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrate an alternative embodiment of a stacked die assembly 140 having a first die 144 a, a second die 144 b stacked on one side of the first die 144 a, and an interposer substrate 147 at the other side of the first die 144 a. The first and second dies 144 a-b are generally similar to the first and second dies 102 a-b, but the first and second dies 144 a-b do not have electrically isolated spacer sites. Instead, as best shown in FIG. 5B, the assembly 140 has “stitched” metal spacers 142 at the front side of the first die 144 a and below the back side of the second die 144 b. Referring to FIG. 5B, individual metal spacers 142 have a first spacer element 142 a and a second spacer element 142 b. The assembly 140 further includes stitched wire bonds 143 projecting from individual first spacer elements 142 a. The bond pads 108 a accordingly define spacer sites in lieu of the spacer sites 106 shown in FIG. 2A. In the specific embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, the stitched wire bonds 143 and metal spacers 142 are positioned only near the corners of the first and second dies 144 a-b. The metal spacers 142 are also electrically active because they are on the bond pads 108 a, and thus the assembly 140 further has a dielectric layer 145 on the back side of the second die 144 b to electrically isolate the second die 144 b from the metal spacers 142. The assembly 140 may be manufactured similarly to the process of manufacturing the assembly 100 of FIG. 2A.

FIG. 5C shows a cross-sectional view of interconnect networks 127 a-b and electrical couplings with the corresponding bond pads 108 a-b. FIG. 5C also shows the dielectric layer 145 on the backside of the second die 144 b electrically isolating the second die 144 b from the metal spacers 142. The dielectric layer 145 may comprise a variety of materials, such as, for example, an adhesive material for attaching the second die 144 b to the metal spacers 142. Alternatively, the dielectric layer 145 may comprise a non-conductive oxide that has been thermally grown or deposited on the back side of the second die 144 b. In general, the dielectric layer 145 should be substantially non-conductive to prevent electrical conduction between the metal spacers 142 and the second die 144 b.

FIGS. 6A-E are cross-sections showing stages of an embodiment of a method for forming stitched metal spacers. In FIG. 6A, a tip 158 of a first metal wire 160 a is melted to form a first metal bump 162 a. The first bump 162 a serves as a bottom or first spacer element of the stitched metal spacer. The diameter of the first bump 162 a may be tailored by heating the tip 158 until a desired diameter is achieved. Alternatively, the overall height of a metal spacer may be adjusted by flattening a metal bump to a desired size (described further with reference to FIG. 6C). FIG. 6B shows the first wire 160 a after it has been bent and pressed against a bond pad 164, for example, by a wire bonding tool. The wire bonding tool applies mechanical force, heat, and/or ultrasonic energy until a metallic connection is created between the first bump 162 a and the bond pad 164. The remaining portion of the first wire 160 a may then be stitched to external bond pads of the interposer substrate. In an alternative embodiment, FIG. 6C shows the first bump 162 a after it has been flattened or coined by applying mechanical pressure to the top and bottom sides of the first bump 162 a. An individual metal bump may be flattened immediately after formation, or all of the metal bumps on a die may be simultaneously flattened by compressing the metal bumps against a flat surface.

FIG. 6D shows a second metal bump 162 b on the first bump 162 a and a second wire 160 b projecting from the second bump 162 b. FIG. 6E shows the first and second bumps 162 a-b and the metal wire 160 a after the metal wire 160 b has been removed, which may leave a small wire tail 166 that projects away from the metal bump 162 b. The wire tail 166 may be pressed into the metal bump (i.e., via a flattening process) or the wire tail 166 may be sufficiently small so as to be negligible. The first and second bumps 162 a-b form the stitched metal spacer 142. To ensure that the first wire 160 a does not contact a microelectronic die stacked on the stitched metal spacer 142, the second bump 162 b should extend above the first wire 160 a. FIG. 6E shows a separation distance h₃ between the top of the second bump 162 b and the first wire 160 a. In certain embodiments, larger diameter metal bumps may be needed for wires having significant curvature. Alternatively, three or more stacked metal bumps may create an appropriate separation distance between the back side of a die and a curved wire (described further with reference to FIGS. 8-10).

FIG. 6F shows an embodiment of the spacer 104 that has been adapted from the stitched metal spacer 1. In this embodiment both the first and second wires 160 a-b have been removed to create stacked metal bumps 162 a-b. FIG. 6F also shows wire tails 166 a-b projecting away from the respective metal bumps 162 a-b. The wire tails 166 a-b may be removed, for example, by a flattening process.

FIG. 7 is an isometric view of stitched metal spacer placement according to an alternative embodiment. The second die 144 b (FIGS. 5A-C) has been removed in this figure to show an arrangement of the stitched metal spacers 142 on front-side bond pads 108 a. The bond pads 108 a alternate between conventional wire bond couplings 174 and the stitched metal spacers 142. Relative to the embodiment of the assembly 140 in FIGS. 5A-C, in which the stitched metal spacers 142 are at the corners of the dies, the arrangement of stitched and conventional wire bonds shown in FIG. 7 provides support between the first and second dies 144 a-b along more points. It is also contemplated that a variety of additional arrangements are possible, such as metal spacers with both stitched and non-stitched spacer elements, and/or stitched and non-stitched spacers. For example, stitched metal spacers may be formed along edges of the first die 144 a and non-stitched metal spacers may be formed at interior surface portions of the first die 144 a.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a packaged microelectronic device 180 that includes a first microelectronic die 186, a second microelectronic die 188 spaced apart from the first die 186 by stitched metal spacers 190, and a casing 182 formed over the first and second dies 186 and 188. The first die 186 has a larger perimeter than the second die 188. First and second wires 192 a and 192 b, respectively, couple the first and second dies 186 and 188 to an interposer substrate 194. The metal spacers 190 in this embodiment include three-tiered metal spacers to provide more spacing between the first wires 192 a and the second die 188. Additionally, the first wires 192 a are coupled to second-tier metal bumps 190 b so that the first wires 192 a extend above the corner and surface portions of the first die 186. In alternative embodiments, and depending on the relative perimeter sizes of the first and second dies 186 and 188, the wires 192 can be coupled with first-tier metal bumps 190 a or third-tier metal bumps 190 c.

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a packaged microelectronic device 200 that includes three microelectronic dies 204 a-c and a casing 202 formed over the dies 204 a-c. The device 200 can have two-tiered stitched metal spacers 206 separating the first die 204 a from the second die 204 b and three-tiered stitched metal spacers 208 separating the second die 204 b from the third die 204 c. In this embodiment, the two-tiered metal spacers 206 prevent the first wires 210 a from contacting a surface of the second die 204 b. Because second wires 210 b have a smaller radius of curvature than the first wires 210 a, the additional metal bump in the three-tiered metal spacers 208 spaces the second wires 210 b sufficiently apart from a back side surface of the third die 204 c to prevent contact therebetween. In additional or alternative embodiments, metal spacers comprising four or more metal bumps may be used to separate individual microelectronic dies. Furthermore, other embodiments may include four or more stacked microelectronic dies.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the packaged microelectronic device 200 comprising non-stitched interior metal spacers 210 and 212. In this embodiment, dies supported by multi-tiered metal spacers having three or more metal bumps may receive increased structural support with interior metal spacers.

Any one of the packaged microelectronic devices described above with reference to FIGS. 2A-10 can be incorporated into any of a myriad of larger and/or more complex systems 490, a representative one of which is shown schematically in FIG. 11. The system 490 can include a processor 491, a memory 492 (e.g., SRAM, DRAM, Flash, and/or other memory device), input/output devices 493, and/or other subsystems or components 494. Microelectronic devices may be included in any of the components shown in FIG. 11. The resulting system 490 can perform any of a wide variety of computing, processing, storage, sensor, imaging, and/or other functions. Accordingly, representative systems 490 include, without limitation, computers and/or other data processors, for example, desktop computers, laptop computers, Internet appliances, hand-held devices (e.g., palm-top computers, wearable computers, cellular or mobile phones, personal digital assistants), multi-processor systems, processor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network computers, and mini computers. Other representative systems 490 include cameras, light or other radiation sensors, servers and associated server subsystems, display devices, and/or memory devices. In such systems, individual dies can include imager arrays, such as CMOS imagers. Components of the system 490 may be housed in a single unit or distributed over multiple, interconnected units, e.g., through a communications network. Components can accordingly include local and/or remote memory storage devices, and any of a wide variety of computer-readable media.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the invention. For example, many of the elements of one embodiment can be combined with other embodiments in addition to or in lieu of the elements of the other embodiments. Additionally, in several embodiments, the metal spacers can be single, dimensionally stable posts or other stanchion-like members projecting from discrete spacer sites. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims. 

We claim;
 1. A method of manufacturing a microelectronic device, the method comprising: forming a plurality of multi-tiered metal spacers having first spacer elements on a front-side surface of a first microelectronic die and second spacer elements on corresponding first spacer elements, wherein at least one of the first and second spacer elements is wire-bonded to a corresponding top side bond pad on a substrate; attaching a back-side surface of a second microelectronic die to the second spacer elements; and wherein at least one of the first and second spacer elements is electrically isolated from at least one of the front-side surface of the first die and the back-side surface of the second die.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first spacer elements are formed by forming wire bond balls on the first die.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein attaching the back-side surface of the second die includes depositing a filler material on the front-side surface of the first die and pressing the second die onto the filler material.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming at least three metal spacers.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second dies have equivalent exterior perimeters.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first die has an exterior perimeter that is larger than an exterior perimeter associated with the second die.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second spacer elements comprise a stack of first and second metal bumps.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein a portion of the metal spacers is positioned at an interior portion of the first die.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the metal spacers further comprise a third metal bump.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first die has metal spacer sites and bond sites at the front-side surface, the metal spacer sites being electrically isolated from the bond sites and integrated circuitry of the first die, and the process of forming the multi-tiered spacers comprises forming first metal bumps on the spacer sites and second metal bumps on the first metal bumps.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the first die has integrated circuitry and bond pads at the front side surface electrically coupled to the integrated circuitry, and the process of forming the multi-tiered spacers comprises forming first metal bumps on the bond pads and second metal bumps on the first metal bumps.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the spacer comprises: attaching a first metal bump to a spacer site; and depositing a second metal bump on top of the first metal bump.
 13. The method of claim 12, further comprising increasing a spacing distance between the first die and the second die by disposing a third metal bump on top of the second metal bump.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising flattening at least one of the first metal bump and the second metal bump.
 15. A method of manufacturing a microelectronic device, the method comprising: attaching first wire bonds to bond sites at a front-side surface of a first microelectronic die, wherein a portion of individual first wire bonds are bottom-tier spacer elements, wherein at least one of the first and second spacer elements is wire-bonded to a corresponding top side bond pad on a substrate; covering at least a portion of a back side of a second microelectronic die with a dielectric material; coupling top-tier spacer elements to the bottom-tier spacer elements; and attaching the electrically insulated portion of the second die to the top-tier spacer elements.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein coupling the top-tier spacer elements further comprises: attaching second wire bonds to individual bottom-tier spacer elements; and removing excess wire from the second wire bonds. 